¶ WEIRD
Merged from 2 sources — review for redundancy.
¶ From psychology/
¶ Definition
Acronym coined by Joseph Henrich meaning Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. Describes populations used in most psychology and biomedical research (~96% of study participants), who represent only ~12% of humanity but are treated as universal norms. WEIRD populations are statistical outliers on cognition, perception, morality, cooperation, microbiome composition, immune system development, and psychoneuroimmune function, creating systematic bias when WEIRD-derived findings are applied universally.
¶ Picture It
Imagine a car manufacturer testing all their new vehicles on a single test track in the Swiss Alps — smooth asphalt, temperate climate, low altitude, minimal dust. They publish crash-test ratings, fuel efficiency standards, and "normal" engine performance based entirely on this track. Then they export these cars worldwide and declare the Swiss Alpine track data as "universal standards" for how cars should perform in Mumbai monsoons, Saharan sandstorms, Himalayan mountain passes, and Arctic tundra. When vehicles break down in these environments, engineers blame the roads or drivers, never questioning whether the test track was representative.
WEIRD populations are that Swiss Alpine track. They represent an extreme deviation from ancestral human environments: lowest pathogen exposure in history, highest hygiene, smallest family structures, most individualistic social organization, most analytical (vs. holistic) thinking patterns, delayed reproduction, unprecedented antibiotic use, and radical microbiome depletion. Yet 96% of psychology research and the majority of biomedical studies test only on this track. When we find that non-WEIRD populations have "abnormal" immune responses, different gut microbiome profiles, or divergent psychology patterns, we're measuring the Swiss Alps against the rest of the planet and calling the Alps "normal."
¶ Mechanism
The WEIRD bias operates through multiple interconnected mechanisms that create systematic deviations from ancestral and global human norms:
¶ Immunological Deviations
Pathogen Exposure Gradient:
- WEIRD populations: historically unprecedented low pathogen exposure due to sanitation, antibiotics, vaccination, small household size
- Non-WEIRD populations: continued exposure to helminths, protozoa, bacterial diversity
- Result: WEIRD immune system develops with Th2 dominance, reduced Treg cells education, elevated IgE, lower IgA diversity
- Hygiene hypothesis: WEIRD populations lack microbial education signals → NLRP3 inflammasome hypersensitivity, TLR4 hyper-reactivity when finally exposed
- Reference ranges for "normal" IL-6, TNF-α, CRP derived from WEIRD populations may not reflect global human variation
Microbiome Divergence:
- WEIRD gut microbiome: low diversity (40-50% reduction vs. hunter-gatherers), depleted Prevotella, Treponema, reduced SCFA production
- Antibiotic exposure: average WEIRD child receives 10-20 antibiotic courses before age 18
- Diet: high processed food, low fiber (8-15g/day vs. 100-150g ancestral), altered bile acids composition
- Akkermansia-muciniphila: often elevated in WEIRD populations (mucin degradation from low fiber) but interpreted as "healthy"
- Butyrate production: 30-50% lower in WEIRD vs. traditional populations → altered Treg cells development, weakened gut barrier
Psychological/Cognitive Patterns:
- WEIRD populations score highest globally on analytical thinking, individualism, impersonal prosociality, guilt-based morality
- Non-WEIRD: holistic thinking, collectivism, relational ethics, shame-based systems
- fMRI studies show distinct neural activation: WEIRD populations activate medial prefrontal cortex for self-referential tasks; non-WEIRD recruit social cognition networks even for individual decisions
- HPA-axis reactivity: WEIRD populations show exaggerated cortisol responses to social evaluation (Trier Social Stress Test) vs. physical threat; non-WEIRD show opposite pattern
- Dopamine system polymorphisms: DRD4 7-repeat allele (novelty-seeking) at 48% frequency in WEIRD vs. 2-10% in traditional populations
Metabolic Deviations:
- WEIRD populations: highest insulin resistance rates, lowest metabolic flexibility
- AMY1 gene copy number: WEIRD agricultural populations average 6.7 copies (high starch adaptation); hunter-gatherer-descended populations 2-4 copies
- Lactase persistence: 90%+ in Northern European WEIRD vs. <10% East Asian, creating lactose tolerance as "normal" in Western textbooks
- Aerobic Glycolysis: WEIRD populations show preferential glucose metabolism even with adequate oxygen (Warburg-like effect in non-cancerous tissue)
- Reference ranges for HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin derived from WEIRD populations already showing metabolic syndrome patterns
¶ Research Application Cascade
WEIRD-derived findings → published as universal mechanisms → incorporated into diagnostic criteria → applied to non-WEIRD populations → "abnormal" findings in majority of humanity → interventions designed for WEIRD physiology fail in non-WEIRD contexts → reinforced belief that WEIRD = normal
Example: Depression diagnosis criteria (DSM) based on WEIRD anhedonia/guilt patterns; non-WEIRD populations express depression somatically (pain, fatigue) → underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis when Western criteria applied
¶ Clinical Significance
Critical Concept for cPNI Practice:
The WEIRD bias undermines clinical practice at multiple levels, demanding that cPNI practitioners question whether research populations match patient populations and recognize evolutionary context.
Population-Specific Assessment:
- Patient from non-WEIRD background presenting with "elevated" IL-6 (12 pg/mL): may reflect normal baseline for population with higher historical pathogen exposure rather than pathology
- Microbiome analysis: comparing patient to WEIRD "healthy" reference range may pathologize normal diversity patterns from traditional diet/lifestyle
- Cortisol awakening response: WEIRD norms (peak 30-45 min post-wake) don't account for collectivist cultures where morning social interaction modulates HPA-axis differently
- Pain thresholds: WEIRD populations show lowest tolerance globally; applying WEIRD pain scales may over-pathologize normal variation
Metamodel Integration:
Connects to 5 plus 2 Metamodel Protocol:
- Metamodel 0 (Internal Milieu): WEIRD baseline physiology represents extreme evolutionary mismatch, not universal norm
- Metamodel 1 (Energy): WEIRD metabolic flexibility loss treated as pathology, but interventions assume WEIRD starting point
- Metamodel 2 (Psychology): WEIRD individualism creates unique stress responses; collectivist patients may not respond to WEIRD-designed CBT
- ORIGIN environment concept (Module 2): WEIRD represents maximum deviation from evolutionary appropriate conditions — lowest pathogen exposure, highest hygiene, most novel social structures
Clinical Applications:
-
Research Translation: Before applying study findings, assess whether study population matches patient demographics (ethnicity, diet, microbiome exposure, social structure)
-
Reference Range Skepticism: Question whether "normal" lab values reflect WEIRD outlier status:
- Vitamin D: <30 ng/mL "deficiency" based on WEIRD indoor lifestyle; traditional outdoor populations maintain 40-60 ng/mL
- Ferritin: "low normal" (30-50 ng/mL) in WEIRD may reflect iron dysregulation from low pathogen exposure; traditional populations functional at 15-25 ng/mL
- Omega-3 index: <4% "deficient" in WEIRD; traditional fish-eating populations 8-12%
-
Intervention Design:
- Psychobiotics: strains selected for WEIRD microbiomes (Lactobacillus rhamnosus) may not colonize non-WEIRD gut microbiome
- Intermittent fasting: effective in WEIRD populations with insulin resistance; may cause hypoglycemia in traditional populations with preserved metabolic flexibility
- Social support interventions: WEIRD focus on individual therapy vs. family/community approaches for collectivist patients
-
Evolutionary Mismatch Recognition: WEIRD populations live in extreme deviation from ORIGIN environment:
- Lowest pathogen exposure → immune system deprived of regulatory signals
- Highest psychological individualism → Loneliness epidemic, weakened social support
- Most sedentary → metabolic dysfunction, chronic inflammation
- Interventions should restore evolutionary appropriate inputs, not reinforce WEIRD norms
Exam Relevance: Understanding WEIRD bias is essential for critiquing research validity, recognizing evolutionary mismatch, and applying TEXT-CONTEXT model (Module 2) — the same intervention has different effects depending on cultural/biological context.
¶ Key Facts
- Acronym: Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic (Joseph Henrich, 2010)
- Population proportion: WEIRD = ~12% of global population, yet 96% of psychology research subjects and majority of biomedical research participants
- Pathogen exposure: WEIRD populations have lowest helminth/protozoan burden in human history; 0-2% vs. 60-90% in traditional populations
- Microbiome diversity: WEIRD gut microbiome 40-50% less diverse than hunter-gatherer populations (Hadza, Yanomami studies)
- Family size: WEIRD average 1.8 children vs. 4-8 in non-WEIRD; reduced sibling pathogen transfer affects immune education
- Antibiotic use: WEIRD children average 10-20 courses before age 18 vs. 0-2 in traditional populations
- Individualism score: WEIRD populations (USA, Western Europe) 80-90/100 on Hofstede scale; non-WEIRD 10-40/100
- Lactase persistence: 90%+ Northern European WEIRD vs. <10% East Asian; creates "lactose intolerance" as pathology in textbooks
- AMY1 copies: WEIRD agricultural populations 6.7 copies (high starch) vs. 2-4 in hunter-gatherer-descended groups
- Depression expression: WEIRD = anhedonia/guilt (75%); non-WEIRD = somatic pain/fatigue (80%); DSM criteria WEIRD-biased
- Pain tolerance: WEIRD populations show lowest global tolerance; fMRI pain studies may not generalize
- Reproduction timing: WEIRD first birth age 28-32 years vs. 18-22 in traditional populations; affects maternal microbiome transfer
- Vitamin D baseline: Traditional outdoor populations maintain 40-60 ng/mL vs. WEIRD <30 ng/mL "normal"
- HPA-axis reactivity: WEIRD show exaggerated cortisol to social evaluation; non-WEIRD to physical threat
- Research replication: Many WEIRD psychology findings fail to replicate in non-WEIRD populations (cooperation experiments, visual perception tasks, moral reasoning)
¶ Connections
- Evolutionary mismatch — WEIRD populations represent the most extreme deviation from ancestral environmental conditions in human history
- ORIGIN environment — Module 2 concept of evolutionary appropriate conditions; WEIRD is maximum distance from ORIGIN
- Hygiene hypothesis — WEIRD populations have unprecedented low pathogen exposure, driving immune system dysfunction and allergy epidemic
- Microbiome — WEIRD gut microbiome is 40-50% less diverse than traditional populations, lacks key regulatory species
- Pathogen exposure — WEIRD populations evolved with minimal helminth/protozoan burden, altering immune development permanently
- Research bias — 96% of psychology research and majority of biomedical studies conducted on WEIRD outliers
- Cultural psychology — WEIRD individualism vs. non-WEIRD collectivism creates distinct psychology processes and stress responses
- Individualism — WEIRD populations score highest globally; affects social support, Loneliness, HPA-axis reactivity
- TEXT-CONTEXT — Module 2 concept that same intervention has different effects in different cultural/biological contexts
- Co-evolution — WEIRD populations co-evolved with agriculture, antibiotics, sanitation; non-WEIRD with different selective pressures
- Evolutionary scars — WEIRD populations carry genetic adaptations to novel environments (lactase, AMY1) not universal
- Founder effects — WEIRD populations descended from European founder populations with specific bottlenecks
- Genetic drift — Small WEIRD population sizes created random allele frequency changes not representative globally
- Immunogenic patterns — WEIRD immune system recognizes different patterns due to low pathogen exposure history
- Metabolic flexibility — WEIRD populations show least flexibility; Hunter-Gatherer Metabolism maintains switching capacity
- Depression — WEIRD expression (anhedonia, guilt) differs from non-WEIRD (somatic, fatigue); DSM criteria biased
- Chronic inflammation — WEIRD "normal" CRP and IL-6 ranges may already reflect low-grade inflammation from mismatch
- Allostatic load — WEIRD populations accumulate load from evolutionary mismatch stressors (sedentarism, Loneliness, processed food)
- Lactase persistence — WEIRD Northern Europeans 90%+ vs. <10% East Asian; creates false universal "lactose intolerance" pathology
- AMY1 gene copy number — WEIRD agricultural populations 6.7 copies; applying starch metabolism norms universally misleading
- HPA-axis — WEIRD show exaggerated cortisol to social evaluation; non-WEIRD to physical threat; stress research biased
- Insulin resistance — WEIRD "normal" glucose/insulin ranges derived from populations already showing metabolic syndrome patterns
- Psychobiotics — Probiotic strains selected for WEIRD microbiomes may not colonize or function in non-WEIRD populations
- Social support — WEIRD individualism creates unique Loneliness epidemic; collectivist interventions needed for non-WEIRD patients
- Vitamin D — WEIRD indoor lifestyle creates <30 ng/mL "deficiency"; traditional outdoor populations 40-60 ng/mL functional
- Ferritin — WEIRD "low normal" 30-50 ng/mL reflects low pathogen exposure; traditional populations functional at 15-25 ng/mL
¶ Module References
- Module 1: Introduction to WEIRD bias in psychology and biomedical research
- Module 2: WEIRD as maximum deviation from ORIGIN environment; connection to TEXT-CONTEXT model and evolutionary appropriate conditions
¶ From evolutionary-medicine/
¶ Definition
WEIRD is an acronym for Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic populations, coined by Joseph Henrich to describe the narrow demographic subset that dominates psychology and medical research. WEIRD populations represent approximately 12% of humanity but comprise 80-90% of research subjects, creating systematic biases in understanding human physiology, psychology, and health. This skew has profound implications for clinical practice because WEIRD populations exhibit extreme deviations from ancestral and global human norms across immune development, microbiome composition, metabolic patterns, and psychological processing.
¶ Picture It
Imagine a car manufacturer that only tests their vehicles on smooth German autobahns at constant speeds of 120 km/h. They publish safety ratings, fuel efficiency standards, and maintenance schedules based entirely on this single context. Then they distribute those same cars to customers driving in Mumbai monsoons, Sahara sandstorms, Icelandic blizzards, and Manhattan gridlock—and wonder why the recommendations fail catastrophically.
WEIRD research is that autobahn testing. It measures human biology in the most unusual humans on Earth—people with nuclear families, refrigerators, daily showers, antibiotic prescriptions, literacy-trained brains, and guilt-based morality—then applies those findings to the other 88% who grew up in extended families, exposed to diverse pathogens, eating fermented foods, and operating within shame-based social systems. The immune system of a Dutch office worker is no more representative of human immunology than a Formula 1 car is representative of global transportation. Yet we build clinical guidelines as if it were.
¶ Mechanism
WEIRD populations exhibit distinctive psychoneuroimmune characteristics driven by recent cultural evolution (last 500-10,000 years) interacting with unique genetic adaptations:
Psychological Processing:
- Analytical vs Holistic Cognition: WEIRD individuals show enhanced activation of left prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 9/46) during visual processing tasks, focusing on focal objects independent of context → reduced right hemisphere contextual integration → analytical cognitive style (see TEXT-CONTEXT)
- Individualism: Nuclear family structures → reduced kin interdependence → elevated default mode network (DMN) self-referential processing → independent self-construal → higher rates of Depression and Anxiety (2-3× non-WEIRD populations)
- Moral Reasoning: Guilt-based morality activates anterior cingulate cortex (anterior cingulate cortex) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) in rule-violation scenarios → internalized moral standards → distinct from shame-based systems that activate social pain networks
Immune Development:
- Reduced Pathogen Exposure: WEIRD childhood environments (chlorinated water, refrigeration, antibiotics) → decreased microbial training during critical period (0-3 years) → reduced Th1 polarization → incomplete regulatory T cell (Treg cells) education → 3-5× higher rates of autoimmune disease and Allergy
- Hygiene Hypothesis Effects: Limited helminth and bacterial exposure → reduced IL-10 and TGF-β production from Tregs → baseline IL-6 may be lower (2-4 pg/mL in healthy WEIRD adults) but paradoxically higher rates of chronic low-grade inflammation (CRP >3 mg/L in 30-40% of WEIRD populations vs 10-15% in traditional societies)
- Altered Immunometabolism: High refined carbohydrate intake → chronic insulin signaling → mTORC1 activation → enhanced Aerobic Glycolysis in immune cells → pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization (M1 phenotype) even at rest
Microbiome Composition:
- WEIRD microbiome shows 30-40% lower alpha diversity (Shannon index typically 3.5-4.5 vs 5.5-7.0 in hunter-gatherer populations like Hadza)
- Reduced Prevotella (plant fiber degraders), increased Bacteroides (animal protein/fat processors)
- Lower SCFA production: butyrate levels 15-30 mmol/L in WEIRD colons vs 40-70 mmol/L in traditional societies → weaker gut barrier integrity → higher intestinal permeability
- Loss of ancestral microbes like Treponema (non-pathogenic oral/gut species present in >80% of hunter-gatherers, <5% of WEIRD populations)
Genetic Adaptations:
- Lactase persistence: LCT-13910 C>T variant in 35-90% of Northern European WEIRD populations vs <10% globally → adult dairy consumption → distinct calcium metabolism and IGF-1 signaling
- AMY1 gene copy number: WEIRD agricultural populations average 6-7 AMY1 copies vs 5-6 in traditional societies → enhanced starch digestion → salivary amylase output 2-3× higher
- HLA antigens Diversity: WEIRD populations show reduced HLA heterozygosity due to founder effects and population bottlenecks → altered pathogen recognition repertoire
- CMAH gene Loss: Universal human mutation eliminating N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) synthesis → chronic low-grade inflammation from dietary Neu5Gc (red meat) → anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in WEIRD populations correlate with cancer and cardiovascular disease
¶ Clinical Significance
Understanding WEIRD bias is foundational to cPNI practice because it reveals that "normal ranges" and treatment protocols are often calibrated to the most evolutionarily mismatched population on Earth:
Diagnostic Threshold Issues:
- Standard inflammatory marker reference ranges (e.g., CRP
mg/L = "normal") are derived from WEIRD populations already exhibiting chronic low-grade inflammation—true evolutionary baseline may be <0.5 mg/L - Fasting glucose "normal" (70-100 mg/dL) reflects agricultural populations with AMY1 gene copy number adaptations—hunter-gatherers may maintain 60-80 mg/dL without symptoms
- Depression screening tools (PHQ-9, BDI) validated in individualistic WEIRD contexts may pathologize normal collectivist emotional expression in non-WEIRD patients
Treatment Protocol Adaptation:
- microbiome restoration strategies must account for WEIRD dysbiosis: simple probiotic supplementation (Lactobacillus/Bifidobacterium) insufficient to replicate hunter-gatherer diversity—require soil-based organisms, environmental exposure, dietary fiber >50g/day
- autoimmune disease interventions need earlier immune tolerance training: protocols emphasizing controlled pathogen exposure (e.g., helminthic therapy, outdoor microbiome contact) more critical in WEIRD contexts
- Stress management must address individualism-driven Loneliness: collectivist interventions (group cohesion, communal meals, shared purpose) may be more effective than WEIRD-standard individual psychotherapy
Metamodel Integration:
- Metamodel 1 (Evolutionary mismatch): WEIRD populations exhibit extreme mismatches across all domains—pathogen exposure, dietary composition, social structure, physical activity, circadian entrainment
- Selfish Brain: WEIRD high-carbohydrate diets create chronic brain glucose pull → metabolic inflexibility → inability to efficiently utilize ketones or lactate during stress
- Selfish Immune System: WEIRD immune system is undertrained (low pathogen diversity) yet overreactive (high autoimmunity) → requires both tolerance training AND resolution-phase support
Exam-Relevant Clinical Application:
When evaluating any patient, ask: "How WEIRD is this individual?" A second-generation immigrant from a traditional society living in Amsterdam will have different baseline immunology, microbiome, and metabolic patterns than a multi-generational Dutch patient—yet both will be compared to the same WEIRD-derived reference ranges. Adjust accordingly.
¶ Key Facts
- WEIRD populations = 12% of global population but 80-90% of psychology/medical research subjects (Henrich et al., 2010)
- WEIRD visual processing: focus on focal objects (analytical) vs contextual relationships (holistic) detectable by 3 years of age
- Autoimmune prevalence: 3-5× higher in WEIRD populations—Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease all show WEIRD gradient
- Microbiome diversity: Shannon index 3.5-4.5 (WEIRD) vs 5.5-7.0 (Hadza hunter-gatherers)—30-40% reduction
- Butyrate production: 15-30 mmol/L (WEIRD) vs 40-70 mmol/L (traditional)—50% reduction correlates with gut barrier dysfunction
- Lactase persistence: 35-90% in Northern European WEIRD populations vs <10% globally—strongest genetic selection signature in last 10,000 years
- Depression rates: 15-20% lifetime prevalence in WEIRD populations vs 1-5% in traditional societies (WHO data)
- Baseline CRP: 30-40% of healthy WEIRD adults have CRP >3 mg/L despite "health"—evolutionary baseline likely <0.5 mg/L
- AMY1 copies: 6-7 in WEIRD agricultural populations → salivary amylase 2-3× higher than hunter-gatherers
- Founder diseases: WEIRD Ashkenazi Jewish populations show Tay-Sachs (1 in 27 carriers), familial dysautonomia due to bottleneck effects
- Social isolation: WEIRD adults report 3-5× higher loneliness scores than collectivist societies—nuclear families isolate across generations
- Physical activity: WEIRD populations average 3,000-5,000 steps/day vs 15,000-20,000 in hunter-gatherers—70% reduction
¶ Connections
- Evolutionary mismatch — WEIRD populations represent the most extreme form of evolutionary mismatch across all physiological systems due to rapid cultural change outpacing genetic adaptation
- hygiene hypothesis — WEIRD developmental environments with reduced pathogen exposure drive failed immune tolerance education and autoimmunity epidemic
- microbiome — WEIRD gut microbiome composition differs radically from ancestral patterns with 30-40% lower diversity and altered SCFA production
- autoimmune disease — WEIRD populations show 3-5× higher autoimmune prevalence due to reduced immune training during critical developmental windows
- Lactase persistence — genetic adaptation concentrated in WEIRD dairy-farming populations enabling adult milk consumption and altering calcium/IGF-1 metabolism
- AMY1 gene copy number — WEIRD agricultural populations have elevated copy numbers reflecting starch-based dietary adaptation over last 10,000 years
- Behavioral immune system — WEIRD populations show reduced disgust sensitivity and pathogen avoidance behaviors due to low actual pathogen threat
- Depression — WEIRD individualism and nuclear family isolation contribute to 15-20% lifetime depression prevalence vs 1-5% in collectivist societies
- chronic low-grade inflammation — paradoxically elevated in WEIRD populations despite lower acute pathogen exposure, driven by dietary and metabolic factors
- Hunter-gatherer — WEIRD populations occupy opposite end of lifestyle spectrum from ancestral hunter-gatherers across diet, activity, social structure, and pathogen exposure
- TEXT-CONTEXT — WEIRD analytical cognitive style reflects left prefrontal cortex dominance and context-independent visual processing trained by literacy
- Guilt — WEIRD morality based on internalized guilt (anterior cingulate activation) vs shame-based systems in non-WEIRD populations (social pain networks)
- Loneliness — WEIRD individualism creates epidemic loneliness with 3-5× higher prevalence than collectivist societies despite technological connectivity
- processed foods — WEIRD diets characterized by 60-70% ultra-processed foods vs <10% in traditional diets—drives metabolic dysfunction
- sedentary lifestyle — WEIRD populations show lowest global physical activity (3,000-5,000 steps/day) contributing to metabolic inflexibility
- dysbiosis — WEIRD microbiome dysbiosis includes loss of ancestral keystone species like Prevotella and non-pathogenic Treponema
- CMAH gene — universal human mutation creates WEIRD-specific inflammatory response to dietary Neu5Gc (red meat), exacerbated by high meat consumption
- Founder diseases — WEIRD populations show unique genetic disease patterns due to population bottlenecks (e.g., Ashkenazi Jewish genetic disorders)
- co-evolution — WEIRD populations demonstrate recent human-microbiome co-evolutionary divergence from ancestral patterns
- HLA antigens — WEIRD populations exhibit reduced HLA diversity due to founder effects, altering pathogen recognition capabilities
- GIP — WEIRD high-carbohydrate diets create chronic GIP elevation driving adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance
- aerobic glycolysis — WEIRD immune cells show enhanced aerobic glycolysis even at rest due to dietary and metabolic programming
- Anxiety — WEIRD populations report 2-3× higher anxiety disorder prevalence, potentially reflecting individualism-driven threat perception
- attachment patterns — WEIRD nuclear family structures produce distinct attachment styles (anxious-avoidant) vs secure attachments in extended family systems
- disgust response — WEIRD populations show attenuated disgust sensitivity to pathogen cues, correlating with reduced actual pathogen threat exposure
¶ Module References
- Module 1: Introduction to evolutionary mismatch and WEIRD bias in research
- Module 2: Cultural evolution, TEXT-CONTEXT processing, and population-specific adaptations